But Thap Pagoda, formally known as Ninh Phuc Tu, represents a significant ancient Buddhist temple situated in Northern Vietnam. This site, recognized as a Special National Relic since 2013, has maintained its architectural integrity and artistic treasures over centuries. Located approximately 30 kilometers from Hanoi in Bac Ninh Province, it offers visitors an opportunity to connect with Vietnamese history, religious practices, and traditional artistry.
Historical Context of But Thap Pagoda
The precise origins of But Thap Pagoda remain a subject of scholarly discussion, with no definitive historical record confirming its initial establishment date. However, regional historical accounts from Ha Bac Province in 1982 suggest its existence during the reign of King Tran Thanh Tong, spanning from 1258 to 1278. During this early period, Zen Master Huyen Quang reportedly served as the abbot and oversaw the construction of a nine-story stone tower adorned with lotus motifs, which is no longer extant.
A major period of restoration and expansion occurred in the 17th century, during the Le-Trinh dynasty. The monk Chuyet Chuyet, who arrived from Jujian Province in China, played a pivotal role in this revitalization, contributing significantly to the flourishing of Buddhism across the nation. His accomplished disciple, Zen Master Minh Hanh, also contributed to the pagoda's development. This extensive renovation project, carried out between 1644 and 1647, received substantial financial and land contributions from prominent figures including Queen Dieu Vien, Trinh Thi Ngoc Truc, Princess Le Thi Ngoc Duyen, and Princess Trinh Thi Ngoc Co. Following its completion, the temple was officially named "Ninh Phuc Tu." Statues honoring these benefactors are still present within But Thap Pagoda today. The name "But Thap" itself was bestowed later in 1876 by King Tu Duc, who, upon observing the Bao Nghiem Tower, likened its form to a colossal writing brush reaching towards the sky. The pagoda has undergone subsequent renovations in 1739, 1903, 1915, 1921, and most recently between 1992 and 1996, yet it retains one of Vietnam's most complete traditional architectural layouts.
Architectural Features and Layout
The architectural complex of But Thap Pagoda stands out amidst the expansive rice fields of Bac Ninh. Orienting towards the South, a direction traditionally associated with wisdom in Buddhist philosophy, the pagoda adheres to the "Noi Cong Ngoai Quoc" architectural style. This design integrates two long corridors that link the front structures with the rear sections, often referred to as the ancestral or monastic quarters. This arrangement creates a rectangular perimeter around the central elements, which include the incense burning house and the upper house. The internal configuration of the pagoda resembles the Chinese character for "Cong" (工), while the external framework mirrors the character "Khau" or "Quoc" (口 or 國).
The outermost section of the pagoda features a three-view gate, known as tam quan, followed by a bell pavilion distinguished by its two levels and eight roofs, and a stele house. Positioned between two extensive corridors, each containing 26 rooms, the central area comprises seven parallel rows of structures aligned along a vertical axis, a layout reminiscent of Shinto religious architecture, extending over 100 meters in length. These structures encompass the Front Hall, the Thieu Huong (incense burner area), the Main Hall, the Tich Thien Am pavilion (connected to the Main Hall by a stone bridge spanning a lotus pond), the Central House, the Sanctuary, and the Rear Hall. Additional significant areas within the complex include the Bonze Superiors Shrine, Bao Nghiem Tower, Ton Duc Tower, and various grave-towers dedicated to bonzes. The entire site houses more than 50 antique statues, with one particular artwork holding national treasure status.
Notable Artworks and Sculptures
Among the many precious artifacts at But Thap Pagoda, the "Thien Thu Thien – Thousand eyes and hands" Buddha statue is a particularly distinguished piece. Crafted in 1656, this remarkable sculpture measures 3.7 meters in height and 2.1 meters in width. It features eleven heads, 46 larger arms, and 954 smaller arms of varying lengths, each adorned with an eye. The arms are arranged to suggest a radiating halo, and the figure rests on a lotus-dragon base in a posture conveying serenity and spiritual depth. This statue is recognized as a national treasure.
Another prominent feature of the pagoda is the tall, imposing stone stupa known as Bao Nghiem Tower. This structure, which inspired King Tu Duc's renaming of the pagoda, stands at 13.05 meters and comprises five levels. Its apex is fashioned from green stone, and the entire tower is intricately decorated with sophisticated carvings. Each of the five corners on every level is fitted with a small bell. The tower includes a circular chamber with a diameter of 2.29 meters. The base level of this tower displays 13 stone carvings, primarily depicting animals, showcasing the skill of ancient Vietnamese artisans in stone masonry and sculpture. This tower houses a relic (xa li) of the pagoda's first patriarch, Monk Chuyet Chuyet.
At the rear of the complex, behind the Rear Hall, stands the Ton Duc Tower. This five-story structure reaches 11 meters in height and contains the relic of Zen Master Minh Hanh, who was the pagoda's second patriarch. The four sides of this tower are sealed with stone. Recent explorations within the tower's core have revealed two ancient bronze books, inscribed with Buddhist scriptures. Each individual architectural element throughout But Thap Pagoda represents a masterful work of art, featuring decorative motifs created from diverse materials such as stone, wood, and brick. The design demonstrates a thoughtful integration of architecture with the natural surroundings, contributing to the pagoda's unique character.
| Feature | Bao Nghiem Tower | Ton Duc Tower |
|---|---|---|
| Height | 13.05 meters | 11 meters |
| Number of Floors | 5 | 5 |
| Material | Green stone top, intricate stone carvings | Stone-sealed sides |
| Contents | Relic (xa li) of Monk Chuyet Chuyet (first ancestor) | Relic of Zen Master Minh Hanh (second ancestor) |
| Distinctive Marks | 5 small bells on each floor's corners, 13 stone carvings at base | Recently found ancient bronze Buddhist scriptures inside |
| Significance | Inspired the pagoda's current name ("But Thap") | Honors the second patriarch of the pagoda |
Visiting But Thap Pagoda: Practical Information
But Thap Pagoda is situated in But Thap Village, Dinh To Commune, Thuan Thanh District, Bac Ninh Province. It is located approximately 30 kilometers from the center of Hanoi, typically requiring about 45 minutes of travel time by car or motorbike.
For those traveling independently, the pagoda can be reached by motorbike or taxi. From Hanoi, one common route involves taking Highway 5A towards Co Bi road, then continuing onto Highway 20. Alternatively, visitors can follow Highway 17 to connect with Highway 20. Budget-conscious travelers have the option of using public transportation. Buses such as Route No. 54 or No. 204 depart from Long Bien station in Hanoi and travel to Bac Ninh Province. Upon arrival in Bac Ninh, a local taxi or motorbike taxi would be necessary to complete the journey to the pagoda. For a more comprehensive and flexible experience, particularly for those seeking deeper insights into the site, arranging a private car or van with a knowledgeable tour guide is often recommended. Visitors interested in unique purchases and souvenirs might consider combining their visit with nearby craft villages.
The pagoda is a recommended destination for individuals interested in Vietnamese cultural heritage, historical sites, and religious architecture. Many visitors choose to combine their trip to But Thap Pagoda with visits to other notable craft villages in the vicinity, such as Bat Trang Ceramic Village, Dong Ho Folk Painting Village, or Dong Ky Carpentry Village, to gain a broader understanding of regional traditions.
Annual Festival and Local Traditions
The But Thap Pagoda festival is an annual event that takes place on the 23rd and 24th days of the third lunar month. This celebration is characterized by a blend of traditional cultural activities, divided into two main components: ritual ceremonies and outdoor festivities.
The festival draws a considerable number of attendees, including local residents from Bac Ninh and surrounding areas, as well as visitors from other Vietnamese cities and international tourists. It serves as an important occasion for community gathering and the continuation of long-standing local customs.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the historical significance of But Thap Pagoda?
But Thap Pagoda is recognized as a Special National Relic of Vietnam, with origins potentially dating back to the 13th century. It underwent significant restoration in the 17th century and houses numerous ancient artifacts, including the "Thien Thu Thien – Thousand eyes and hands" Buddha statue, which holds national treasure status. Its architecture represents one of the most complete traditional pagoda layouts remaining in Vietnam.
How far is But Thap Pagoda from Hanoi, and what are the transportation options?
But Thap Pagoda is approximately 30 kilometers from Hanoi, a journey that typically takes about 45 minutes by road. Travelers can reach it by private car, taxi, or motorbike via Highway 5A or Highway 17 connecting to Highway 20. Public bus routes (No. 54 or No. 204) from Long Bien station to Bac Ninh are also available, followed by a local taxi or motorbike to the final destination.
What unique artworks can be seen at But Thap Pagoda?
The pagoda is home to over 50 ancient statues. Its most famous artwork is the "Thien Thu Thien – Thousand eyes and hands" Buddha statue, created in 1656, notable for its 11 heads, 46 large arms, and 954 smaller arms, each with an eye. Additionally, the Bao Nghiem Tower, a 13.05-meter-high stone stupa with intricate carvings, and the Ton Duc Tower are significant architectural and artistic highlights.
When is the But Thap Pagoda festival held?
The annual But Thap Pagoda festival is observed on the 23rd and 24th days of the third month according to the lunar calendar. This event features both ceremonial rituals and various outdoor cultural activities, attracting both local and international visitors.
Can I combine a visit to But Thap Pagoda with other attractions?
Yes, a visit to But Thap Pagoda can be easily combined with exploring other cultural sites in Bac Ninh Province. Popular nearby destinations include Bat Trang Ceramic Village, known for its pottery; Dong Ho Folk Painting Village, famous for its traditional woodblock prints; and Dong Ky Carpentry Village, recognized for its woodworking traditions. This allows for a broader appreciation of regional crafts and heritage. Managing finances in Hanoi before a day trip is advisable.
